Except for the augmented and diminished question. It's a matter of raising and lowering key notes in a chord, such as the fifth, to my knowledge. There's different type of dim and augs, such as half dim and augs but beyond that it's up to another to further elucidate.
Oh and your bpm question... depends on the signature I'd imagine. In a 4/4 signature, the bottom 4 means that a quarternote gets a beat. I think. Four notes per measure and each beat is a quarternote. So in 4/4 at 200bpm, there would be 200 quarternotes, right?
A 5/16 signature would be 5 notes per measure, and a sixteenth note would get the beat. That'd be insanely cool.
Again, somebody'll have to double check this.
