I've played all the above and owned Martin and Taylor guitars. I much prefer Martin to the others, though some of that might just be what I like to hear rather than a definite judgement on quality.

The Matons I played were kinda lifeless, apart from the Tommy Emmnuel signature guitar--but that one was pretty expensive. The woods just didn't seem to resonate well, IMO.

Taylors are nice guitars, but lack bottom end to my tastes. I don't find them balanced at all.

Takamines? Well, they're ok. Heh. That's about all I can say for them.

Martins have a rich woody tone that really fills a room--as opposed to a Taylor's crystaline shimmer.

As for the woods, check this out: Click Me!