For scales, try looking around on GT (http://www.guitartricks.com/category.php?input=scales ); there's plenty of lessons there to get you started.

As for octaves: If you have 'E' as your root note, the octave will be 'E', but 12 semi-tones higher. So, for example, if you play your bass string without fretting anything, then play it at the 12th fret, the second note, whilst still 'E' is an octave higher.

If you play 'D' on the 5th (A) string, 5th fret, the octave would be either the 17th fret of the same string, or the 7th fret of the 3rd (G) string, and so on and so on...(equally, the open 'E' on the bass string's octave could be the 2nd fret of the Forth (D) string.

Try playing a note, then play it 11 semitones higher, then 12 semitones - you should be able to hear that the note's at 12 semitones are the same, but at different pitches.
Hope I've explained that well enough...